{"id":15212,"date":"2012-12-08T19:04:07","date_gmt":"2012-12-08T19:04:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/?p=15212"},"modified":"2017-08-07T23:11:49","modified_gmt":"2017-08-07T22:11:49","slug":"a-ghost-of-medicinal-misnomers-past","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/2012\/12\/08\/a-ghost-of-medicinal-misnomers-past\/","title":{"rendered":"A Ghost of Medicinal Misnomers Past"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_15222\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15222\" style=\"width: 540px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/IMG_9310_2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"15222\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/2012\/12\/08\/a-ghost-of-medicinal-misnomers-past\/img_9310_2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/IMG_9310_2.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"853,1280\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;4&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Tim Jones&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS 7D&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1354804666&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Copyright Tim Jones&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;28&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;500&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.008&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Old advertisements on a wall in Regent&amp;#8217;s Square, London (Photo:Tim Jones)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Old advertisements on a wall in Regent&amp;#8217;s Square, London (Photo:Tim Jones)&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/IMG_9310_2-682x1024.jpg\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15222 \" title=\"Old advertisements on a wall in Regent's Square, London (Photo:Tim Jones)\" src=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/IMG_9310_2-682x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Old advertisements on a wall, corner of Regent's Square \/ Sidmouth Street, London (Photo:Tim Jones)\" width=\"540\" height=\"810\" srcset=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/IMG_9310_2-682x1024.jpg 682w, https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/IMG_9310_2-317x476.jpg 317w, https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/IMG_9310_2.jpg 853w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15222\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Old advertisements for medicines on a wall, corner of Regent&#8217;s Square \/ Sidmouth Street, London (Photo:Tim Jones)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Aspirin by any other name<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Drugs have at least two names: a generic or scientific name, and then any number of manufacturers&#8217; brand names for what is essentially the same thing.<\/p>\n<p>So the generic names for two well-known painkillers are aspirin (acetylsalicyclic acid) and paracetamol (acetaminophen), but on <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_paracetamol_brand_names\">Wikipedia<\/a> you&#8217;ll find at least a hundred alternative brand names for paracetamol alone.&nbsp; My favourites are the cuddly &#8216;Panda&#8217; and the bemusing &#8216;Europain&#8217;.<\/p>\n<p>It&#8217;s done of course to differentiate a commercial product, or identify a mixture of drugs &#8211; like aspirin and caffeine in Anadin.&nbsp; But it hinders keeping track of particular chemicals that suit you, for a cold or whatever. &nbsp; Also annoying are brands that list different drugs by application under the same headline brand, especially when the contents vary between countries.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ghost Sign<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As much as I enjoy banging on about how brands can obfuscate choice and cloud rational decision-making &#8211; and not just in medicines &#8211; this post is really about that photo of a building above, that I took yesterday in Regent Square, London. &nbsp; It&#8217;s an unlikely and incongruous survivor. &nbsp; A wall covered in early hand-painted advertisements for medicines from a bygone age.&nbsp; It&#8217;s a <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghost_sign\">ghost sign.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/maps.google.co.uk\/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode=&amp;q=Regent+Square,+London&amp;aq=4&amp;oq=regent+&amp;sll=52.8382,-2.327815&amp;sspn=10.468665,31.179199&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=&amp;hnear=Regent+Square,+London+Borough+of+Tower+Hamlets,+London,+United+Kingdom&amp;t=m&amp;ll=51.526888,-0.121654&amp;spn=0.002336,0.005257&amp;z=17&amp;iwloc=A&amp;output=embed\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"490\" height=\"350\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><br \/>\n<small><a style=\"color: #0000ff; text-align: left;\" href=\"https:\/\/maps.google.co.uk\/maps?f=q&amp;source=embed&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode=&amp;q=Regent+Square,+London&amp;aq=4&amp;oq=regent+&amp;sll=52.8382,-2.327815&amp;sspn=10.468665,31.179199&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=&amp;hnear=Regent+Square,+London+Borough+of+Tower+Hamlets,+London,+United+Kingdom&amp;t=m&amp;ll=51.526888,-0.121654&amp;spn=0.002336,0.005257&amp;z=17&amp;iwloc=A\">View Larger Map<\/a><\/small><\/p>\n<p>Probably Victorian, when salve and laxatives were all the rage, the full spiel for one of the products, &#8216;King&#8217;s Citrate of Magnesia&#8217;, made by Bates &amp; Company, reads:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">King&#8217;s Citrate of Magnesia<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Invented in 1844<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">The Original Safest<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&amp; Best<\/p>\n<p>W.W. King was a Liverpool chemist of mixed fortune. &nbsp; I found him listed twice in sources for 1851.&nbsp; First as a prize winner in the Catalogue of the Great Exhibition<sup>1<\/sup> &#8211; for his &#8216;effervescent citrate of magnesia&#8217;, but also in Charles Dickens&#8217;s Household Narrative<sup>2 <\/sup>for that year, in his regular round-up of bankrupts.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15295\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15295\" style=\"width: 520px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/Crystal_Palace_interior.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"15295\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/2012\/12\/08\/a-ghost-of-medicinal-misnomers-past\/crystal_palace_interior\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/Crystal_Palace_interior.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"729,497\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"King&amp;#8217;s Effervescent Citrate of Magnesia won a prize at the Great Exhibition of 1851\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;King&amp;#8217;s Effervescent Citrate of Magnesia won a prize at the Great Exhibition of 1851&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/Crystal_Palace_interior.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-15295 \" title=\"King's Effervescent Citrate of Magnesia won a prize at the Great Exhibition of 1851\" src=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/Crystal_Palace_interior-476x324.jpg\" alt=\"King's Effervescent Citrate of Magnesia won a prize at the Great Exhibition of 1851(Wikipedia)\" width=\"520\" height=\"354\" srcset=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/Crystal_Palace_interior-476x324.jpg 476w, https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/Crystal_Palace_interior.jpg 729w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 520px) 100vw, 520px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15295\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">King&#8217;s Effervescent Citrate of Magnesia won a prize at the Great Exhibition of 1851<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Citrate of Magnesia induces a Motion<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>It was no secret that the article was entirely wanting in both citric acid and magnesia<sup>3 <\/sup><\/em><\/p>\n<p>The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions, October 1, 1870<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Magnesium Citrate, or Citrate of Magnesia, is still used as a uncontentious&nbsp; saline laxative and magnesium supplement.&nbsp; But it has a 19th century history that echos some of today&#8217;s complexities around drug names, descriptions, and branding.<\/p>\n<p>We expect boxes and bottles of medicine to contain what the label says.&nbsp; But by 1870, a situation had developed where products labelled citrate of magnesia were more often than not found to contain a mixture of <em>&#8220;tartaric acid, sugar, and carbonate of soda<sup>3 <\/sup>&#8220;<\/em>.&nbsp; It made for a nice fizzy summer drink, but little else.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/cf825b61cd1c1c60d02006397a40.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"15504\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/2012\/12\/08\/a-ghost-of-medicinal-misnomers-past\/c0015019-antibiotics\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/cf825b61cd1c1c60d02006397a40.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"358,576\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Wellcome Images&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;C0015019 Antibiotics\\nCredit: Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images\\nimages@wellcome.ac.uk\\nhttp:\/\/images.wellcome.ac.uk\\nA label on a bottle of Amoxycillin capsules setting out the dosage instructions.\\nPhotograph\\n5\/3\/2003 Published:  - \\n\\nCopyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http:\/\/images.wellcome.ac.uk\/indexplus\/page\/Prices.html&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http:\/\/images.wellcome.ac.uk\/indexplus\/page\/Prices.html&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;C0015019 Antibiotics&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"C0015019 Antibiotics\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;C0015019 Antibiotics&lt;br \/&gt;\nCredit: Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images&lt;br \/&gt;\nimages@wellcome.ac.uk&lt;br \/&gt;\nhttp:\/\/images.wellcome.ac.uk&lt;br \/&gt;\nA label on a bottle of Amoxycillin capsules setting out the dosage instructions.&lt;br \/&gt;\nPhotograph&lt;br \/&gt;\n5\/3\/2003 Published:  &amp;#8211; &lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http:\/\/images.wellcome.ac.uk\/indexplus\/page\/Prices.html&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/cf825b61cd1c1c60d02006397a40.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-15504 alignright\" title=\"C0015019 Antibiotics\" src=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/cf825b61cd1c1c60d02006397a40-295x476.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"151\" height=\"243\" srcset=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/cf825b61cd1c1c60d02006397a40-295x476.jpg 295w, https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/cf825b61cd1c1c60d02006397a40.jpg 358w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 151px) 100vw, 151px\" \/><\/a>A hapless public bought the mis-named drug in spite of the unrealistically low street price; it wasn&#8217;t like they could slip on glasses and read the small print, because compulsory ingredients listing hadn&#8217;t been invented.&nbsp; That some brands, including King&#8217;s (of our wall fame), appeared to ship the real deal didn&#8217;t simplify the big picture.<\/p>\n<p>All this threatened the reputation of professional pharmacists, so, as reported in the October 1st 1870 edition of the Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions<sup>3 <\/sup>, some of them met to discuss a formal motion that would set things right &#8211; they hoped.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What&#8217;s in a name?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">19th century Britons got their medicines from a variety of sources: via a doctor&#8217;s prescription, from an apothecary, chemist, or druggist, but also as <em>commercial articles<\/em> from the general store or local&nbsp; grocer.&nbsp; It&#8217;s like us going to the doctor, the pharmacy at Boots or RiteAid, or shopping at Tescos or Walmart.&nbsp; The difference is we get the same drug wherever we go, while for 19th Century folk it was more of a lottery.&nbsp; General commercial outlets were especially problematic &#8211; where unscrupulous <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quackery\">quacks<\/a> plied their mischievous trade of old.&nbsp; At worst, the more renegade outlets might be guilty of &#8220;<em>applying definite chemical names to articles not having the composition thereby designated<sup>3 <\/sup><\/em>&#8220;.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15339\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15339\" style=\"width: 476px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/quack-tufts-getMediumRes.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"15339\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/2012\/12\/08\/a-ghost-of-medicinal-misnomers-past\/quack-tufts-getmediumres\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/quack-tufts-getMediumRes.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"600,295\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"A quack from an earlier age (Source:Tufts University)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;A quack from an earlier age (Source:Tufts University)&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/quack-tufts-getMediumRes.jpg\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15339 \" title=\"A quack from an earlier age (Credit:Tufts University)\" src=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/quack-tufts-getMediumRes-476x234.jpg\" alt=\"A quack from an earlier age (Credit:Tufts University)\" width=\"476\" height=\"234\" srcset=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/quack-tufts-getMediumRes-476x234.jpg 476w, https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/quack-tufts-getMediumRes.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15339\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A quack from an earlier age (Credit:Tufts University)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The pharmacists thought renaming the product might be the answer, but that idea just got them in a mess.&nbsp; Do you call a thing what it is, or what it should be?&nbsp;&nbsp; Suggestions included &#8220;<em>citrate of magnesia of commerce<\/em>&#8220;, &#8220;<em>citrate of magnesia so called<\/em>&#8221; , &#8220;<em>citrate of magnesia of pharmacy<\/em>&#8220;, &#8220;<em>granular effervescent citrate of magnesia<\/em>&#8220;, or the more vague &#8220;<em>granular effervescent salt<\/em>&#8220;.&nbsp; Also names closer to the common composition, like &#8220;<em>granulated tartrate of soda<\/em>&#8220;; or&nbsp; &#8220;<em>citro-tartrate of soda<\/em>&#8221; &#8211; whose sponsor claimed special privilege because it was already listed in the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Pharmacopoeia\">British&nbsp;Pharmacopoeia<\/a> (an early list of approved drug standards published in 1867).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15480\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15480\" style=\"width: 527px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/98c5ee8f72dfa8edf7408edc2547.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"15480\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/2012\/12\/08\/a-ghost-of-medicinal-misnomers-past\/l0006591-interior-of-typical-victorian\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/98c5ee8f72dfa8edf7408edc2547.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"800,544\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Wellcome Images&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;L0006591 Interior of typical victorian\\nCredit: Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images\\nimages@wellcome.ac.uk\\nhttp:\/\/images.wellcome.ac.uk\\nPHARMACY: shop\\nInterior of typical victorian pharmacy\\nInterior of Plough Court Pharmacy 1897.\\nPublished:  - \\n\\nCopyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http:\/\/images.wellcome.ac.uk\/indexplus\/page\/Prices.html&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http:\/\/images.wellcome.ac.uk\/indexplus\/page\/Prices.html&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;L0006591 Interior of typical victorian&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"L0006591 Interior of typical victorian pharmacy\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;L0006591 Interior of typical victorian&lt;br \/&gt;\nCredit: Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images&lt;br \/&gt;\nimages@wellcome.ac.uk&lt;br \/&gt;\nhttp:\/\/images.wellcome.ac.uk&lt;br \/&gt;\nPHARMACY: shop&lt;br \/&gt;\nInterior of typical victorian pharmacy&lt;br \/&gt;\nInterior of Plough Court Pharmacy 1897.&lt;br \/&gt;\nPublished:  &amp;#8211; &lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http:\/\/images.wellcome.ac.uk\/indexplus\/page\/Prices.html&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Interior of typical victorian pharmacy (Credit: Wellcome Library London)&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/98c5ee8f72dfa8edf7408edc2547.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-15480 \" title=\"L0006591 Interior of typical victorian pharmacy\" src=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/98c5ee8f72dfa8edf7408edc2547-476x323.jpg\" alt=\"Interior of typical victorian pharmacy\" width=\"527\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/98c5ee8f72dfa8edf7408edc2547-476x323.jpg 476w, https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/98c5ee8f72dfa8edf7408edc2547.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 527px) 100vw, 527px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15480\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Interior of typical victorian pharmacy (Credit: Wellcome Library London)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In the end, relative sense prevailed, with options smacking of inaccuracy and deception, however pragmatic, being rejected in favour of scientific purity.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>&#8230;this Conference, as representing and expressing the highest aims of pharmacy, ought to maintain a scientific purity and exactness in its nomenclature<sup>3 <\/sup><\/em><\/p>\n<p>The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions, October 1, 1870<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Not that everyone was behind an honest naming regime.&nbsp; It would confuse the public, said some, and open a Pandora&#8217;s Box of renaming obligations; hundreds of ambiguous favourites would be challenged: from &#8216;Salt of Lemons&#8217;, to &#8216;Seidlitz Powders&#8217;, to &#8216;Soda Water&#8217;.<\/p>\n<p>From this strained conflict of pragmatism with scientific integrity a final motion was passed: a bit lame on specific actions, but a signal that professional pharmacists would not countenance inaccurate naming driven by commerce or tradition. &nbsp; At least for Citrate of Magnesia that is, by now firmly established as the tip of a misnomer ice-berg.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>That this Conference is of opinion that the term &#8216;citrate of magnesia&#8217; as applied to the ordinary granulated preparation of commerce is a misnomer, and ought to be discouraged as inconsistent with the true interests of pharmacy.<sup>3&nbsp;<\/sup> <\/em>(The final form of the motion)<em><br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions, October 1, 1870<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Legislation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Motions from professional bodies are all well and good, but they&#8217;re not law.&nbsp; &#8216;Discouragement&#8217; without legislation is toothless, and laws in this area had been slow in coming and often contested.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15487\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15487\" style=\"width: 254px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/sausage.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"15487\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/2012\/12\/08\/a-ghost-of-medicinal-misnomers-past\/sausage\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/sausage.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"427,640\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;8&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS 30D&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1188660319&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;17&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;1600&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.008&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Man making sausages (Photo: Tim Jones)\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Prosecutions for drug misnomers were made under the Food Adulteration Act (Photo: Tim Jones)&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Prosecutions for drug misnomers were made under the Food Adulteration Act (Photo: Tim Jones)&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/sausage.jpg\" class=\" wp-image-15487 \" title=\"Man making sausages (Photo: Tim Jones)\" src=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/sausage-317x476.jpg\" alt=\"Prosecutions for drug misnomers were made under the Food Adulteration Act (Photo: Tim Jones)\" width=\"254\" height=\"381\" srcset=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/sausage-317x476.jpg 317w, https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/sausage.jpg 427w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 254px) 100vw, 254px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15487\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prosecutions for drug misnomers were brought under the Food Adulteration Act (Photo: Tim Jones)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Earlier legislation, like the Apothecaries Act of 1815, defined standards and training for licensed apothecaries without actually outlawing unqualified practitioners, druggists, or quacks.&nbsp;&nbsp; The Medical Act of 1858<sup>4<\/sup> was more about regulating doctors, and explicitly excluded from its provision chemists, druggists, etc. involved in the sale of medicines (although it did action the earlier mentioned British Pharmacopoeia).<\/p>\n<p>The Pharmacy Acts of 1852 and 1868, established under the auspices of the pharmacists&#8217; own professional society &#8211; the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rpharms.com\/about-us\/history-of-the-society.asp\">Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (est 1841)<\/a> gave them powers to control drugs, and may explain why this was such an issue in 1870.&nbsp; But with those acts focused on poisons and dangerous drugs, legal actions against peddlers of mis-named versions of the pedestrian citrate of magnesia were brought under the more generic Food Adulteration Act (1860) or Adulteration of Food and Drugs Act (1872).&nbsp; Coincidently, these same legislations helped reduce the sawdust content of sausages, and alum and chalk in bread.<\/p>\n<p>In this 1873 case, the defendant was found guilty under the Adulteration of Food and Drugs Act (1872), and fined \u00a310 &#8211; about \u00a31000 today &#8211; plus the cost of analysing his product:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15249\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15249\" style=\"width: 452px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/Times-Nov1-1873.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"15249\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/2012\/12\/08\/a-ghost-of-medicinal-misnomers-past\/times-nov1-1873\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/Times-Nov1-1873.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"452,501\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Prosecution under the Food Adulteration Act for mis-selling citrate of magnesia (The Times, Nov 1, 1873)\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Prosecution under the Food Adulteration Act for mis-selling citrate of magnesia (The Times, Nov 1, 1873)&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Prosecution under the Food Adulteration Act for mis-selling citrate of magnesia (The Times, Nov 1, 1873)&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/Times-Nov1-1873.jpg\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15249\" title=\"Prosecution under the Food Adulteration Act for mis-selling citrate of magnesia (The Times, Nov 1, 1873)\" src=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/Times-Nov1-1873.jpg\" alt=\"Prosecution under the Food Adulteration Act for mis-selling citrate of magnesia (The Times, Nov 1, 1873)\" width=\"452\" height=\"501\" srcset=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/Times-Nov1-1873.jpg 452w, https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/Times-Nov1-1873-429x476.jpg 429w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 452px) 100vw, 452px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15249\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prosecution under the Food Adulteration Act for mis-selling citrate of magnesia (The Times, Nov 1, 1873)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Gradually things moved along, with further legislation on dangerous and controlled drugs appearing in the 1920s.&nbsp; The Medicines Act 1968 split drugs into the prescription, pharmacy, and general sales categories we have now. &nbsp; The naming of medicines in the UK is today administered by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mhra.gov.uk\/Howweregulate\/Medicines\/Namingofmedicines\/index.htm\">MHRA<\/a>), an agency essentially tasked with resolving the sort of issues our pharmacist friends were facing in 1870.<\/p>\n<p>There&#8217;s no doubt controls over the naming and description of medicines has progressed massively since 1870.&nbsp; But with outstanding issues around the labelling and promotion of homeopathic products, and the classification and control of herbal remedies, the job&#8217;s far from over.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1. Official Catalogue of the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations 1851, Cambridge University Press, 2011<\/p>\n<p>2. The Household Narrative of 1851, Ed Charles Dickens<\/p>\n<p>3. The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions, October 1, 1870, P.275<\/p>\n<p>4. Medical Act of 1858 (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/Vict\/21-22\/90\/contents\/enacted\">here<\/a> at legislation.gov.uk)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Of Related Interest on Zoonomian<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/2012\/02\/01\/monkey-brand-comes-clean\/\">Monkey Brand Comes Clean<\/a> (re: nineteenth century soap ads.)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Further Reading<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>More about Ghost Signs at Sam Roberts&#8217;s <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ghostsigns.co.uk\/\">ghostsigns.co<\/a>.uk<\/p>\n<p>More medical ghostsigns at the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hatads.org.uk\/ads\/ghostsigns\/8492\/Medical--Health\">History of Advertising Trust<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Blogger Sebastien Ardouin says more about Bates &amp; Co <a href=\"http:\/\/paintedsignsandmosaics.blogspot.co.uk\/2010\/06\/batess-cures.html\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>More recent legal developments, more so for dangerous drugs, in: Shipman Enquiry, Fourth Report, Chapter 3 (pdf <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/viewer?url=http:\/\/www.shipman-inquiry.org.uk\/images\/fourthreport\/chapter\/SHIP04_P003_1.pdf\">here<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>More on the fight against food adulteration <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rsc.org\/education\/eic\/issues\/2005mar\/thefightagainstfoodadulteration.asp\">here<\/a> at the Royal Society of Chemistry.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Aspirin by any other name Drugs have at least two names: a generic or scientific name, and then any number of manufacturers&#8217; brand names for what is essentially the same thing. So the generic names for two well-known painkillers are aspirin (acetylsalicyclic acid) and paracetamol (acetaminophen), but on Wikipedia you&#8217;ll find at least a hundred &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/2012\/12\/08\/a-ghost-of-medicinal-misnomers-past\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">A Ghost of Medicinal Misnomers Past<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1109,7,1216],"tags":[470,1315,1314],"class_list":["post-15212","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history-of-science-history","category-medicine","category-sociology","tag-drugs","tag-ghost-sign","tag-pharmacy"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pkpOr-3Xm","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15212","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15212"}],"version-history":[{"count":362,"href":"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15212\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18450,"href":"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15212\/revisions\/18450"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15212"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15212"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/communicatescience.com\/zoonomian\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15212"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}